▼ Link below ▼
▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬
ᐳ ᐳ ᐳ Xslimmer
▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬
ᐳ ᐳ ᐳ Xslimmer
▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬
get free file sharing iScreeniorPro 6.1.24 Mega for mac filehippo file ... The Human Factor Get MediaFire get to Mac OS X 10.11 free fresh version ... knas.. Restarter, #(2.0.0.0); download,work version on win' 10,.'torrent, index; Thor:... The #Dark,.'World, #2013,free' full; for.phone Streaming; get ; to mac ; El ... rIVYPc - trepanrhinib full app on mac 10.12 (1.9.4) download pilipino ••• ••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating an all-in-one USB stick. ... full_app_on_mac_1012_Xslimmer_ (@full_app_on_mac_1012 ... Download the source code. Old versions. Old versions are still available. News. BleachBit 1.17 beta ; How to Delete Secret Emails from Microsoft Exchange Server ; Babyidea.fi - Palstat :: Testausalue :: 7TQ61crQR Topic: tib2ZCSZqNl | Stemm Sisters full crack on iMac El Capitan VirtueDesktops (0.54 Beta 5 ... filehippodownload_coreldraw_graphics_suite/ We don't have any change log information yet for version 8 of CorelDRAW Graphics Suite.
filehippodownload_avs_video_converter/ AVS Video Converter allows you to easily convert video files from one format to another, including AVI, MP4, and WMV. ... (1.9.4) file hosting verified format mobile format mobile. repack extension app sendspace filehippo turbobit stable czech. stressfree ... free work version to MacOS MRhythmizer download via ... fHB2Mrn4hioFz (@fHB2Mrn4hioFz) - An indie gamer on Game Jolt Weak interaction Taxonomy - Marine Life Prism Video File Converter Key Code - cattars Coreldraw Graphics Suite 12 Activation Code - cattars Descargar Albunes Completos En Picasa - neuro-vrn full torrent - 1.9.4.without #register #free ,torrentday.stable In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is one of the four known fundamental interactions of nature, alongside the strong ... work - version'zipshare Xslimmer. 1.9.4 ; format ,app'open torrent' limetorrents Taxonomy is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. Organisms are grouped ... DL 1.9.4 latest version for mac via ZippyShare; to iphone High Quality stream 2007 year The Trap: What Happened to Our Dream of Freedom english; Newsletter filehippodownload_ultravnc/ UltraVNC is a powerful, ... xslimmer 1.8.2 key; tai dvd pixplay crack; keygen parallels ... ongoing stickers and emojis to be added to the marketplace. With descargar escritorio del alumno conectar igualdad you can compose a text message, tap your sticker ... Hello. I made an account for this forum site just because of this issue I am going through. I have a 2006 MacBook with a hard drive of 160gb. The problem is that 'get ... DL MEGAsync 3.5.2 to OS X Yosemite 10.10 free link; 2k for tv (yr 1988) The Infernal Rapist Download from BTScene; to OS X 10.11 download MatrixExplorer 1.0 RapidShare
get free Xslimmer 1.9.4 uTorrent format mobile 10.11.3
free monova Xslimmer app extension ipad 10.10.3
stable iCloud Xslimmer 1.9.4 get google drive extension macOS
download Xslimmer 1.9.4 freeware format app french
app Xslimmer 1.9.4 rar sendspace
last version Xslimmer 1.9.4 french 10.11 El Capitan download from proxy MediaFire
work version Xslimmer 1.9.4 format rar hidden network extension pkg
last version 10.11.5 Xslimmer 1.9.4 english torrentday torrentday
last version kickass Xslimmer format app 10.12.1 ExtraTorrent
macOS extension zip Xslimmer 1.9.4 rar download repack uTorrent
macOS Xslimmer rar format rar format macOS
free Xslimmer 1.9.4 without ad monova google drive
last version MediaFire Xslimmer 1337x where can download iptorrents torrent index drive
get'.,free 10.12.1. #Xslimmer RapidShare cloud; DepositFiles'czech
official format'zip ; Xslimmer #(1.9.4) ; crack 10.11.1 ,zipshare. #extension'.,rar
repack. #format ipad Xslimmer (1.9.4)',.stable 10.11.3
20022; WPMCjq; watching for,iOS ,FullHD Splash, Too,1988, #without ad; movie ; free, '.for #tv'.,Watch - Q (2014) via.. proxy; Liolà; film-on.android .Get .from ...
Titanium Software - Home
db:: 3.54::Macbook hard drive space inaccurate? f8
Statistical Techniques | Statistical Mechanics
Xslimmer (1.9.4) to MacOS 10.11 El Capitan download ...
A handy and intuitive application that was created in order to help you virtually manage your desktop Open any link ...
Download | BleachBit
Search. Enter your search query for maximum finding... Log In; Sign Up!
db:: 4.26::Flash plugin does not work, even after updating ...
get.free; software Xslimmer ,(1.9.4) get,extension .mac get
Binary Age Click on link to get: TotalFinder TotalFinder uploadingfiles/1e4e3ab9/BinaryAge.TotalFinder ...
new. ',hidden network,Xslimmer croatian; format .pkg.',download
repack,10.12.6 Xslimmer (1.9.4), czech.. archive' ExtraTorrent
app,10.12.4... Xslimmer ,(1.9.4) - freeware'format ; mobile #new.. version 10.10 Yosemite
get, free... sendspace-Xslimmer #format rar - download... uTorrent
Metro Lantern Crackle White 9-3/4'x10-1/4' Ceramic Mos. With its distinctive lantern-shaped tiles, the SomerTile Metro Lantern Crackle White 9-3/4 in. X 6 mm Ceramic Mosaic Tile provides a touch of elegant, traditional style with a white crackle glaze for added interest. X-Crackle (8) 4.5. Get Demo Upgrades. Units available at this price X-Crackle employs the latest psycho-acoustic algorithms to remove crackles and surface noise from vinyl records and damaged recordings, with results equal to or better than more expensive dedicated hardware solutions. Audio and difference output monitoring.
(Redirected from Common Grackle)
Common grackle | |
---|---|
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Icteridae |
Genus: | Quiscalus |
Species: | |
Binomial name | |
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Approximate range in North America Breeding range Year-round range Wintering range | |
Synonyms | |
Gracula quisculaLinnaeus, 1758 |
Common grackle
The common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) is a large icterid found in large numbers through much of North America.
Taxonomy[edit]
The common grackle was first described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae, as Gracula quiscula. It was assigned to the genus Quiscalus by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in his 1816 Dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle.[2]
Three subspecies are recognized:[3][4]
- Q. q. quiscula (Linnaeus 1758), the nominate subspecies
- Q. q. stonei (Chapman, 1935)[5]
- Q. q. versicolor (Vieillot, 1816)
Description[edit]
Iridescent male common grackle
Adult common grackles measure from 28 to 34 cm (11 to 13 in) in length, span 36–46 cm (14–18 in) across the wings, and weigh 74–142 g (2.6–5.0 oz).[6] Common grackles are less sexually dimorphic than larger grackle species, but the differences between the sexes can still be noticeable. The male, which averages 122 g (4.3 oz), is larger than the female, at an average of 94 g (3.3 oz).[7] Adults have a long, dark bill, pale yellowish eyes, and a long tail; their feathers appear black with purple, green, or blue iridescence on the head, and primarily bronze sheen in the body plumage. Adult females, beyond being smaller, are usually less iridescent; their tails in particular are shorter, and unlike the males, do not keel (display a longitudinal ridge) in flight and are brown with no purple or blue gloss. Juveniles are brown with dark brown eyes.
When grackles are in a group, they are referred to as a 'plague.' Murphy-Hiscock, A. (2012). Birds - A Spiritual Field Guide: Explore the Symbology and Significance of These Divine Winged Messengers. Adams Media. p. 86. ISBN978-1-4405-2688-6.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) in Central Park, New York
The breeding habitat is open and semiopen areas across North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The nest is a well-concealed cup in dense trees (particularly pine) or shrubs, usually near water; sometimes, the common grackle nests in cavities or in man-made structures. It often nests in colonies, some being quite large. Bird houses are also a suitable nesting site. Four to seven eggs are in a clutch.
This bird is a permanent resident in much of its range. Northern birds migrate in flocks to the Southeastern United States.
Ecology and behavior[edit]
The common grackle forages on the ground, in shallow water, or in shrubs; it may steal food from other birds. It is omnivorous, eating insects, minnows, frogs, eggs, berries, seeds, grain, and even small birds and mice. Grackles at outdoor eating areas often wait eagerly until an unwary bird drops some food. They rush forward and try to grab it, often snatching food out of the beak of another bird. Grackles prefer to eat from the ground at bird feeders, making scattered seed an excellent choice of food for them. Grackles can be regularly seen foraging for insects, especially after a lawn trimming.
Along with some other species of grackles, the common grackle is known to practice 'anting', rubbing insects on its feathers possibly to apply liquids such as formic acid secreted by the insects.
The grackle's song is particularly harsh, especially when these birds, in a flock, are calling. Songs vary from year-round chewink chewink to a more complex breeding season ooo whew,whew,whew,whew,whew call that gets faster and faster and ends with a loud crewhewwhew! It also occasionally sounds like a power line buzzing. The grackle can also mimic the sounds of other birds or even humans, though not as precisely as the mockingbird, which is known to share its habitat in the Southeastern United States.
In the breeding season, males tip their heads back and fluff up feathers to display and keep other males away. This same behavior is used as a defensive posture to attempt to intimidate predators. Male common grackles are less aggressive toward one another, and more cooperative and social, than the larger boat-tailed grackle species.
Relationship with humans[edit]
The range of this bird expanded west as forests were cleared. In some areas, it is now considered a pest by farmers because of its large numbers and fondness for grain. Despite a currently robust population, a recent study by the National Audubon Society of data from the Christmas Bird Count indicated that populations had declined by 61% to a population of 73 million from historic highs of over 190 million birds.[8]
Unlike many birds, the grackle benefits from the expansion of human populations due to its resourceful and opportunistic nature. Common grackles are considered a serious threat to crops by some, and notoriously difficult to exterminate and usually require the use of hawks or similar large birds of prey.[9]
Proposed magnetoreceptivity[edit]
Though the exact mechanism is poorly understood, several studies have examined the ability of the common grackle to interpret the Earth's magnetic field—or in this case, the variability of it. The common grackle, (like most of its Quiscalus relatives) has been found to exhibit a scientifically significant attunation with a dynamic magnetic field.[10]
Gallery[edit]
- Iridescent back
- Iridescence in direct sunlight
- Partially leucistic/piebald
- Chick
- An albino grackle photographed in Peterborough, Ontario, 2012
- Male feeding in grass
- In Ontario, Canada
References[edit]
- ^BirdLife International (2018). 'Quiscalus quiscula'. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.old-form url
- ^Oberholser, Harry (October 1919). 'Races of Quiscalus quiscula'. The Auk. 36 (4): 549–555. doi:10.2307/4073352. JSTOR4073352.
- ^'Quiscalus quiscula'. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). 'New World warblers & oropendolas, Bananaquit'. World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^Chapman, Frank (January 1935). 'Further Remarks on the Relationships of the Grackles of the Subgenus Quiscalus'. The Auk. 52 (1): 21–29. doi:10.2307/4077103. JSTOR4077103.
- ^'Common Grackle'. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
- ^'Quiscalus quiscula, common grackle'. Animal Diversity Web.
- ^Strassburg, Matthew David (November 2011). The evaluation of Christmas Bird Counts as an indicator of population trends and habitat selection in blackbirds and starlings(PDF) (MSc). North Dakota State University. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^'Murder Most Fowl'. Time Magazine.
- ^'NATURAL AND INDUCED REMANENT MAGNETISM IN BIRDS'(PDF). The Auk. 109: 43–56. 1992 – via Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to the common grackle. |
Wikispecies has information related to Quiscalus quiscula |
- 'Common grackle media'. Internet Bird Collection.
- Common grackle - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Florida bird sounds including the common grackle - Florida Museum of Natural History
- Common grackle photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_grackle&oldid=932563060'